The Lebanese press in opposition to the French in 1943: The (??) newspaper, two question marks as a model
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v1i38.323Keywords:
Lebanese press, public opinion, French authoritiesAbstract
The Lebanese press played a major role in directing Lebanese public opinion; As the only carrier of political, economic and social events and developments in Lebanon, this press, whose roots go back to the mid-nineteenth century, was able, thanks to its extensive experience, to control the Lebanese with their various orientations, tendencies and sects, and the press was able to form a strong opposition to the French trends, especially during the crisis The eleventh of November 1943, whose effects were clearly reflected on the developments of the Lebanese political situation in general, and on the French in particular. The subject of the Lebanese press in opposition to the French was not previously discussed by researchers in their academic and scientific studies, which makes it of great importance to shed light on it, and herein lies the importance of the subject.
In this research, we focused on (the Lebanese press opposed to the French in 1943: the newspaper (??) two question marks as a model), which was chosen in 1943; As the year in which the newspaper appeared for the first time, as a result of political developments in Lebanon, after the French authorities suspended all newspapers and publications in Lebanon, following the declaration of martial law in November of that year. The researcher stopped in 1943; Having witnessed the abolition of all the laws issued by the French authorities in Lebanon by the Lebanese Parliament, including the law of disabling the press and publications, as well as the end of the Lebanese crisis, the return of political life to normal, and the extinction of the newspaper whose name was later changed to Al-Aqdam newspaper. This important media outlet appeared with the crisis and ended with its end, and it was the medium that conveyed to all the Lebanese the course of political events in their country after all the newspapers stopped, and it is issued in secret.
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References
First: the unpublished Iraqi documents
• Iraqi Books and Documents House (DKW)
• Dr. KW, file 366/311, reports of the Iraqi delegation in Beirut to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, confidential, subject: the repercussions of the Lebanese crisis, 11/13/1943.
Second: The published Arabic documents
- Minutes of the Lebanese Parliament (M.N.)
• MN, Fifth Legislative Round, Second Ordinary Contract, Third Session, held on November 8, 1943.
- Arab Documentation House (D.A.O.)
• d.p. And, Lebanon's System of Government: Executive Branch and Administrative Division, L-1101.
- The Official Gazette of the Lebanese Republic
• The Official Gazette of the Lebanese Republic, Distribution of Parliament Chairs between Governorates and Allocating These Chairs to Different Sects, Issue 4086, Beirut, 06/23/1943.
Third: American documents
- F.U.R.S, 890 E00/176. Telegram from the minister in Egypt, (kirk) to the secretary of state, CAIRO, 11, November, 1943, Vol. IV.
- F.U.R.S.890 E/184: Telegram from the charge in Iraq, (Gaudin) to the Secretary of State, BAGHDAD, 13 November, 1943, Vol. IV.
- F.U.R.S. 890 E00/184: Telegram from the Secretary of state to the charge in Iraq, (Gaudin), Washington, 18, November, 1943, Vol.1.
- F.U.RS, 890 E00/201: Telegram from the consul general at Algiers, wiley to the Secretary of State, 25, November, 1943, V1.
Fourth: Theses and Dissertations
- Asaad Saadoun Abdelali, Iraq’s position on the independence and evacuation movements in Lebanon (1943-1946), an unpublished master’s thesis, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Islamic University of Lebanon, Khalde, 2012.
- Thamer Enad Turki Fahd Al-Mahlawi, Political Parties in Lebanon 1920-1958 “Historical Study”, unpublished MA thesis, College of Arts, University of Anbar, 2010.
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- Hamad Hassan Abdullah Tarfa Al-Jubouri, The Lebanese Phalange Party and its Political Role 1970-1989, an unpublished MA thesis, College of Education, Tikrit University, 2012.
- Aref Abdel-Hussein Abbas Al-Fatlawi, Pierre Gemayel and his political role in Lebanon 1905-1984, unpublished MA thesis, College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Babylon, 2014.
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- __________________ Maronites and their political role in Lebanon 1958-1920, unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, 2015.
- Nada Shehab Muhammad al-Muhammadi, The Political Role of Sami al-Solh in Lebanon (1942-1968), an unpublished MA thesis, College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Anbar, 2013.
- Yasser Hamad Khalifa Dayeh Al-Mahlawi, Emile Eddeh and his political role in Lebanon until 1949, an unpublished master's thesis, College of Arts, University of Anbar, 2014.
Fifthly: Arabic and Arabized books
- Ahmad Al-Zein (prepared), discussions of the Lebanese constitution and its amendments 1926-1990, the Lebanese Parliament, Beirut, 1993.
- Anwar Al-Khatib, The State and Political Systems: The Constitution of Lebanon, Part Two, Part 3, Beirut, 1970.
- Badr Al-Din Abbas Al-Khossi and others, The Lebanese issue in its modern and contemporary history, Biblion House and Library, Cairo, 1978.
- Bechara El Khoury, Lebanese Facts, Part 2, Beirut, 1960.
- The Lebanese Association for Political Science, a set of basic documents related to the Lebanese political system, Beirut, 1968.
- Hassan Hallaq, Encyclopedia of Beirut Families, Beirut, 2007.
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- Atef Abu Imad, Prince Majid Arslan, London, 2009.
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- Adnan Mohsen Daher and Riad Ghannam, The Lebanese Ministerial Dictionary, Biography and Translations of the Ministers of Lebanon 1922-2008, Beirut, 2008.
- Adnan Mohsen Daher and Riad Ghannam, Dictionary of Lebanon’s Rulers and Presidents 1840-2008, Beirut, 2012.
- Esmat Al-Saeed, Nuri Al-Saeed: The Statesman and the Man, London, 1992.
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- Younan Labib Rizk, The History of Egyptian Ministries 1878-1953, 2nd Edition, General Book Organization, 1998.
Sixth: Research and Studies
- Al-Tadamon (magazine), London, from the British Foreign Office: The Lebanese Independence Papers, No. 278, 1988.
- Solidarity, from the British Foreign Office... The Lebanese Independence Papers, No. 281, 1988.
- Hussein Abd al-Hussein Abbas al-Zuhairi, Habib Abu Shahla, a study of his political positions in Lebanon 1937-1957, College of Education (magazine), College of Education for Human Sciences, Wasit University, Volume 1, Number 46, 2022.
- Parliamentary Life (magazine), “Precedent” Dismissal of a Deputy from the Public Prosecution, Vol. 10, Lebanese Parliament, Beirut, 1994.
- __________________ Editing the Constitution from the Mandate Authority, Vol. 25, Lebanese Parliament, Beirut, 1997.
- __________________, Statement of the First Independence Government, Vol. 22, Lebanese Parliament, Beirut, 2007.
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- Nihad Hashisho, Riad Al-Solh Al-Mithaqi, who was assassinated, pledged with Beshara Al-Khoury on Lebanon’s independence and its Arab face, Information, Beirut, No. 61, 2008.
Seventh: The newspapers
- Al-Diyar (newspaper), Beirut.
- Iraq (newspaper), Baghdad.
- ?? (newspaper), Beirut.
- ?(newspaper), Beirut. It is a fake number.
Eighth: Internet sites
- Rima Selim Doumit, Memory of Independence: Lebanon between November 11 and 22, 1943, Army Magazine, Beirut, Issue 222, December 2003: www.lebarmy.gov.lb
- Sayyar Al-Jameel, Women and Men: Memories of a Witness to Vision, Al-Araby Al-Jadeed (magazine), Sunday October 26, 2014 http://www.alaraby.co.uk
- Charles de Gaulle: https://ar.wikipedia.org
- The Cultural Center for Research and Documentation, Zuhair Oseiran Al-Naqib, journalist and activist, 10-22-2010, http://markazthakafisaida.org
م. د حيدر عبد العالي جبر. (2018). العلاقات الأميركية-التايلاندية 1833-1945. مجلة كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية-جامعة ذي قار, 8(2).
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