Attempts to dispel the efforts of the Arab Islamic conquest of Andalusia between conspiracy and deception "92-95 AH" a critical analytical study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i40.376Keywords:
Musa bin Naseer, conspiracy, spoils, Arab conquestAbstract
Praise be to God, the Lord of the worlds, the owner of the clear cause, who inspired us and enabled us to search in the folds of the great Andalusian history that is familiar with the events that have always been and will be an important source from which every student of knowledge draws until we found ourselves in front of a sea full of information in the field of our specialization that prompted us to search, investigate and link ideas in the format of historical research scientifically systematic.
Andalusia, from the conquest until the Arabs left it, was part of the important Islamic history, and this is what made us shed light on an important period, which is the period of the Arab conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 91-95 AH. (1) and Tariq bin Ziyad (2).
This research presents an accurate picture of the course of the conquest from several points of view represented by the emergence of the leadership personality in addition to the fame in the field of leadership thought, and this is what prompted the leaders of the conquest to use these points in the Andalusian lands, in addition to that the crowding of the opposite fears of Musa and the caliphate, each of them had a special vision It was invested by the leaders Tariq and Mughith (3) and the two caliphs, Al-Walid and Suleiman, sons of Abd al-Malik later. The research presents these crises, but in detail.
Downloads
References
First: The Holy Qur’an:
Second: Primary Sources:
* Ibn al-Abbar, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abi Bakr al-Qudha’i, (d. 658 AH / 1260 AD).
- Al-Hillah Al-Sira’a, edited by: Dr. Hussein Mu’nis, 1st edition, published by: Dar Al-Ma’rif, (Cairo-1963 AD)
* Ibn al-Athir, Abu al-Hasan Izz al-Din Ali ibn al-Karam Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Abd al-Karim al-Shaibani, (d. 630 AH / 1232 AD)
- Al-Kamil fi al-Tarikh, Publisher: Dar Sader for Printing and Publishing, (Beirut - 1966 AD).
* Al-Idrisi, Abu Abdullah Al-Sharif Muhammad bin Muhammad Al-Husseini, (d. 560 AH / 1164 AD)
- Nuzhat al-Mushtaq fi Takhtaq al-Afaq, published by: Religious Culture Library, (Cairo - 1422 AH / 2002 AD).
* Ibn Bassam, Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Bassam al-Shantarini, (d. 542 AH / 1147 AD).
- Al-Dhakhira fi the virtues of the people of Al-Jazeera, edited by: Ihsan Abbas, published by: Dar Al-Thaqafa, (Beirut -1417 AH / 1997 AD)
* Al-Bakri, Abu Ubaid Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad Al-Bakri Al-Andalusi, (d. 487 AH / 1094 AD)
- Geography of Andalusia and Europe from the book (Tracks and Kingdoms), published by Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, (Beirut-1992 AD)
* Al-Baladhuri, Abu Al-Hasan Ahmed bin Yahya bin Jaber, (d. 279 AH / 892 AD)
- The Conquests of the Countries, Edited by: Dr. Salah El-Din Al-Munajjid, Published: The Egyptian Renaissance Library, Press: The Arab Statement Committee, (Cairo -1956 AD)
* Ibn Habib, Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik al-Andalusi (d. 238 AH / 852 CE)
- The Book of History, which he took care of: Abd al-Ghani Mistou, 1st edition, published by: Al-Maktaba Al-Asriyyah, (Beirut -1429 AH / 2008 AD)
* Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad Ali bin Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Andalusi, (d. 456 AH / 1063 AD).
- The Letters of Ibn Hazm, edited by: Ihsan Abbas, 1st edition, published by: The Arab Institute for Studies and Publishing, (Beirut-1983 AD)
* Al-Hamidi, Abu Muhammad bin Abi Nasr Fattouh Abdullah Al-Azdi, (d. 488 AH / 1095 AD)
_ The ember of the quoted in mentioning the governors of Andalusia, the Egyptian House for Authoring and Translation, (Cairo-1966 AD)
* Al-Humairi, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Abdul-Moneim, (d. around 710 AH / 1310 AD)
_ The adjective of the island of Andalusia chosen from Al-Rawd Al-Matar in the news of Al-Aqtar, edited by: Ihsan Abbas, 2nd edition, published by: Library of Lebanon, Al-Mutaba: printed on Heidelberg Press, (Beirut -1984 AD)
* Ibn Al-Khatib, Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Saeed bin Ali bin Ahmed Al-Tilmisani, (d. 776 AH / 1374 AD)
- A’mal Al-A’laam (Section Three): Edited by: Ahmed Mukhtar Al-Abadi and Muhammad Ibrahim Al-Kattani, published by: Dar Al-Kitab, (Casablanca, 1964 AD)
* Ibn Khaldun, Abd al-Rahman bin Muhammad al-Maghribi, (d. 808 AH / 1405 CE).
- The introduction of Ibn Khaldun, “From the book of Ibn Khaldun’s history, which is called Kitab al-Ibir, Diwan al-Mubtada wa’l-Khabar fi the days of the Arabs, the Persians, and the Berbers, and their contemporaries with the greatest authority.” (Jordan - Dr. T)
* Ibn Khalkan, Abu al-Abbas, Shams al-Din Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abi Bakr, (d. 681 AH / 1287 AD):
- Deaths of Notables and News of the Sons of Time, edited by: Ihsan Abbas, published by: Dar Al-Thaqafa (Dr. M-D.T).
Al-Dhahabi, Shams al-Din Muhammad bin Ahmad, (d. 748 AH / 1374 AD)
- History of Islam, Edited by: Dr. Omar Abdel Salam Tadmuri, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, (Beirut - 1987 AD).
- Biography of the Flags of the Nobles, Edited by: Shuaib Al-Arnaout and Hussein Al-Assad, 9th Edition, Publisher: Al-Resala Foundation, (Beirut-1993 AD).
Al-Raqiq al-Qayrawani, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn al-Qasim (d. 420 AH / 1029 CE)
_ History of Africa and Morocco, edited by: Muhammad Zainhum Muhammad, 1st edition, published by: Dar Al-Ferjani for Publishing and Distribution, (Dam-1414 AH / 1994 AD)
* Al-Samani, Abu Saeed Abdul Karim bin Muhammad bin Mansour, (d. 562 AH / 1166 AD).
- Genealogy, edited by Abdullah Omar Al-Baroudi, 1st edition, publisher: Dar Al-Jinan for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, (Beirut - 1988 AD).
* Al-Salawi, Sheikh Abu Al-Abbas Ahmed bin Khaled Al-Nasseri, (d. 1269 AH / 1897 AD)
- Investigation of the news of the countries of Al-Aqsa Morocco, edited by: Jaafar Al-Nasseri and Muhammad Al-Nasseri, published by: Dar Al-Kitab, (Casablanca -1418 AH / 1997 AD)
* Al-Dhabi, Ahmed bin Yahya bin Ahmed bin Omaira, (died 599 AH / 1202 AD)
_ The purpose of the petitioner in the history of the men of the people of Andalusia, edited by: Ibrahim Al-Aybari, 1st edition, published by the Egyptian Book House - the Lebanese Book House, (Beirut - Cairo - 1410 AH / 1989 AD)
* Al-Tabari, Muhammad bin Jarir bin Katheer bin Ghalib, (died 310 AH / 922 AD).
- History of the Messengers and Kings, edited by a group of distinguished scholars, publisher: Al-Alamy Publications Institution, (Beirut - Dr. T).
* Ibn Abd al-Hakam, Abd al-Rahman bin Abdullah (d. 257 AH / 870 CE)
- The Conquests of Egypt and its News, edited by: Muhammad Sobeih, (Dam-Dt)
* Abdul Wahid Al-Marrakshi, Abdul Wahid bin Ali Al-Tamimi, (d. 647 AH / 1249 AD)
_ Al-Mojeb fi Talkhees Akhbar Al-Maghrib, explaining it and taking care of it: Salah Al-Din Al-Hawari, 1st edition, published by Al-Maktaba Al-Asriyyah, (Beirut-1426 AH / 2006 AD)
* Ibn Adhari al-Marrakshi, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad (he was alive in 712 AH / 1312 CE)
- Al-Bayan Al-Maghrib fi Akhbar Al-Andalus and Al-Maghrib, Edited by: J.S. Colan and Levi Provencal, 3rd edition, published by: Dar Al-Thaqafa, (Beirut-1983 AD)
* Ibn Asaker, Abu Al-Qasim Ali Bin Al-Hassan, (d. 571 AH / 1175 AD)
- History of the city of Damascus, mentioning its virtues, and naming those who solved it from among the examples or passed through its districts from its wards and people, edited by: Ali Shiri, Publisher: Najm Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, (Beirut - 1415 AH / 1994)
* Ibn Al-Fardhi, Abu Al-Walid Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Yusuf Al-Azdi, (d. 403 AH / 1012 AD)
- A History of Scholars and Narrators of Knowledge in Andalusia, published by: The Egyptian House for Authoring and Translation, Arab Record Press, (Cairo - 1966 AD)
* Ibn Qutayba al-Dinuri, Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Muslim, (d. 276 AH / 889 CE).
- The Imamate and Politics, edited by: Taha Muhammad Al-Zeini, (Dam - 1387 AH / 1967 AD)
* Ibn Qudama, Abu al-Faraj Qudama bin Jaafar (337 AH 940 AD)
- The abscess and the writing industry, edited by: Muhammad Hussein Al-Zubaidi, published by: Dar Al-Rasheed, (Dam-1981 AD)
* Ibn al-Qutiya, Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Umar (d. 367 AH / 977 CE)
_ The date of the inauguration of Andalusia, edited by: Ibrahim Al-Ibari, 2nd edition, published by: The Egyptian Book House - The Lebanese Book House, (Cairo - Beirut - 1410 AH / 1989 AD)
* Ibn Kathir, Abu Al-Fida Ismail, (d. 774 AH / 1372 AD)
- The Beginning and the End, Edited by: Ali Shiri, 1st Edition, Publisher: The Arab Heritage Revival House (Beirut - 1408 AH / 1987 AD).
* Ibn Al-Kardbous, Abu Marwan Abd Al-Malik Alt Waziri (lived in the late sixth century AH / twelfth century AD)
- The History of the Impact on Being Sufficient in the News of the Caliphs, Edited by: Saleh bin Abdullah Al-Ghamdi, 1st edition, (Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah-1429 AH / 2008 AD)
* Ibn Makula, Abu Nasr Ali bin Hibatullah, (d. 475 AH / 1082 AD).
- Completion in Raising Doubts About the Conjoined and Different Names, Nicknames, and Genealogy, Published: Dar Ihya Al-Turath Al-Arabi, (Cairo - Dr. T)
* Al-Masoudi, Abi Al-Hassan Ali bin Al-Hussein bin Ali (d. 345 AH / 957 AD).
- Akhbar Al-Zaman, Edited by: A Committee of Professors, 2nd edition, published by: Dar Al-Andalus, (Beirut-1385 AH-1966 AD).
* Al-Maqri, Ahmed bin Muhammad bin Ahmed Al-Tilmisani, (d. 1041 AH / 1631 AD)
_ The good smelled from the moist branch of Andalusia, and its minister mentioned Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib, edited by: Dr. Ihsan Abbas, Published: Dar Sader, (Beirut-1968 AD).
* Ibn Manzoor, Jamal al-Din ibn Abi Makram, (d. 711 AH / 1311 CE)
- Lisan Al-Arab, the publisher: Hawza Literature Publishing, (Qom Al-Musharafa - 1405 AH).
* An unknown author, (lived in the fourth century AH / tenth century AD)
_ News of a group about the conquest of Al-Andalus and mentioning its princes, may God have mercy on them, and the wars that took place between them, edited by: Ibrahim Al-Ibari, 2nd edition, published by the Egyptian Book House - the Lebanese Book House, (Cairo - Beirut - 1410 AH / 1989 AD).
* An unknown author, (fourth century AH / tenth century AD)
- Conquest of Al-Andalus, edited by: Luis Molina, published by: The Supreme Council for Scientific Research, Spanish Agency for International Cooperation, (Dr. M-Dt)
* An unknown author, (died after 895 AH / 1489 CE)
- The History of Andalusia, study and investigation: Abdul Qadir Bubayah, 1st Edition, published by: Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyyah, (Beirut-1979 AD)
* Yaqut Al-Hamwi, Shihab Al-Din Abu Abdullah Yaqut bin Abdullah Al-Hamwi Al-Roumi Al-Baghdadi, (d. 626 AH / 1228 AD)
- Lexicon of Writers to guide the Araib to the knowledge of the writer, 3rd edition, published by: Dar Al-Fikr, (Dr. M-1400 AH / 1980 AD)
- The Dictionary of Countries, published by the Arab Heritage Revival House, (Beirut - 1979 AD).
* Ibn Hudhail Al-Andalusi, Ali bin Abd Al-Rahman (d. 8th century AD)
- The masterpiece of souls and the slogan of the inhabitants of Andalusia, edited by: Abdullah Ahmed Nabhan and Muhammad Fateh Saleh Zaghal, 1st edition, published by: Zayed Center for Heritage and History, (United Arab Emirates - 1425 AH / 2004 AD)
* Al-Yaqoubi, Ahmed bin Abi Yaqoub bin Jaafar bin Wahb bin Wadh, (d. after 292 AH / 907 AD)
- Al-Yaqoubi’s History, Published by: Dar Sader, (Beirut-D.T)
Third: Recent References:
Bustani, Peter
- Arab writers in the Andalusian era and the era of revival, their lives, their works, criticism of their works, published by: Dar Abboud, (Dam-Dt)
* Even, flip
- The Arabs: A Brief History, published by: Dar Al-Malayoun, (Beirut - 1991 AD)
Al-Hajji, Abdul Rahman Ali
- Andalusian history from the Islamic conquest until the fall of Granada "92-897 AH / 711-1492 AD", 2nd edition, published by: Dar Al-Qalam, (Damascus-Beirut-1402 AH / 1981 AD)
Houmed, Asaad.
- The Ordeal of the Arabs in Andalusia, 2nd edition, published by: The Arab Institute for Studies and Publishing, (Dr. M-1988 AD)
* Al-Khalidi, Khaled Younes Abdel Aziz
- The Jews in the Arab Islamic State in Andalusia, “92-897/711-1492 AD,” Dar Al-Arqam Press and Library, (Gaza-1432 AH / 2011 AD)
* Khattab / Mahmoud Sheet
- Leaders of the Conquest of Al-Andalus, 1st edition, published by: Qur’anic Sciences Foundation (Beirut-1424 AH / 2003 AD)
* Al-Daghli, Muhammad Saeed.
- Social life in Andalusia and its impact on Arabic literature and Andalusian literature, 1st edition, published by: Dar Usama Publications, (Dr. M-1984 AD)
* Dunya, Abdulaziz Hafez
- Musa bin Naseer, his life and era, published by: National House for Printing and Publishing.
Al-Zarkali, Khairuddin.
- Al-Alam, a dictionary of biographies of the most famous Arab, Arab, and Orientalist men and women, 5th Edition, Publisher: Dar Al-Ilm for Millions, (Beirut - 1980 AD).
Salem, Abdel Aziz
- The History of Muslims and Their Antiquities in Andalusia, “From the Arab Conquest until the Fall of the Caliphate in Cordoba,” published by the University Youth Foundation, (Alexandria-1997 AD)
- Cordoba, the capital of the caliphate in Andalusia, a historical, urban, and archaeological study in the Islamic era, published by the University Youth Foundation, (Alexandria-1997 AD).
* Zaitoun, Muhammad Muhammad
- Muslims in Morocco and Andalusia, published by: Dar Al-Kutub (Dam-1411 AH / 1990 AD)
Zainal, Nihad Abbas
- The scientific achievements of doctors in Andalusia and their impact on the civilizational development in Europe - the Middle Ages 92-897 AH / 711-1492 AD, 1st edition, published by the Scientific Book House, (Beirut-2013 AD)
Al-Samarrai, Khalil, Taha, Abd al-Wahed Dhanoun, Wanted, a good talker.
- The History of the Arabs and Their Civilizations in Andalusia, 1st Edition, published by: Dar Al-Jadeed Al-Muttahidah House, (Beirut-D.T)
Sirgany, Ragheb.
- The story of Al-Andalus from the conquest to the fall, 1st edition, published by: Iqraa Foundation for Publishing, Distribution and Translation, (Cairo-2011 AD)
* Al-Sallabi Muhammad Ali
- Pages of Islamic History, “The State of the Monotheists,” published by: Dar Al-Bairaq, (Amman-1998 AD)
* Taher, Kazem Shamhoud
- The Shiites in Andalusia, “The Al-Hamoudiyah Caliphate”, 1st edition, published by: Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, (Lebanon-1431 AH / 2010 AD)
* Taha, Abdul Wahid Dhanoun
- Conquest, conquest, and Arab-Islamic stability in North Africa and Andalusia, 1st edition, published by: Dar Al-Madar Al-Islami, (Benghazi-2004 AD)
Al-Abadi, Ahmed Mukhtar
- Studies in the History of Morocco and Andalusia, published by: University Youth Foundation, (Alexandria - Dr. T)
- In the Abbasid and Andalusian history, published by: Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya for Printing and Publishing, (Beirut-D.T)
* Annan, Mohammed Abdullah
- The History of the Arabs in Spain or the History of Andalusia, 1st Edition, Al-Sa'ada Press, (Egypt-1924 AD)
- The State of Islam in Andalusia, 4th edition, published by: Al-Khanji Library, (Cairo-1417 AH / 1997 AD)
Obeya, Taha Abdel-Maqsoud Abdel-Hamid
- A brief history of Andalusia from the Islamic conquest to the fall of Granada, "92-897 AH / 711-1492 AD", published by the Islamic Guided Library, (Egypt - DTT)
* Al-Ghunaimi, Abdel-Fattah Makled
- The Battle of the Martyrs’ Court in Islamic and European History “Ramadan 114 AH / 73 AD” in Buatia, 1st edition, published by: World of Books, (Cairo - 1416-1996 AD)
* Al-Fiqi, Essam El-Din Abdel-Raouf
- The History of Morocco and Andalusia, published by: East Renaissance Library, (Cairo -1990 AD)
Al-Kaabi, Ali Attia
- Peaceful coexistence between the monotheistic religions in Andalusia from the Islamic conquest until the end of the sectarian states, 1st edition, published by Adnan Library, (Damascus-2014)
* Mahmoud, Mona Hassan
- Muslims in Andalus and their relationship with the French, published by: Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, (Cairo - 1986 AD)
Mustafa, Shakir
- Al-Andalus in History, published by: Publications of the Ministry of Culture, (Damascus - 1990 AD).
* Massad, Samia Mustafa
- The racial formation of the Andalusian people and its impact on the fall of Andalusia "422-93 AH", 1st edition, published by: Eye for Human and Social Studies and Research, (Egypt - 1424 AH / 2004 AD)
* Munes, Hussein
- The Dawn of Andalusia, “A study in the history of Andalusia from the Islamic conquest to the establishment of the Umayyad state 711-756 AD, 1st edition, published by: Al-Asr Al-Hadith - Dar Al-Manahil, (Beirut - 1423-2002 AD)
- Landmarks of the History of Morocco and Andalusia, published by: Dar Al-Rashad within the Family Library Project, Reading Festival for All, (Dr. M-2004 AD)
- Encyclopedia of the History of Andalusia, History, Thought, Civilization and Heritage, 1st Edition, Published: Religious Culture Library, (1415 AH / 1996 AD)
Fourth: Arabized References:
Boyka - K
- Arab Historical Sources in Andalusia, Translated by: Nayef Abu Karam, 1st Edition, Published: Dar Alaeddin Publications, (Damascus-199 AD)
* Colan, J.S.
_ Al-Andalus, translated by Ibrahim Khurshid and others, 1st edition, published by the Lebanese Book House, the Egyptian Book House (Beirut-Cairo-1980 AD)
* Watt, Montgomery
- On the history of Islamic Spain, with a chapter on literature, by Pierre Caccia, translated by Muhammad Reda Al-Masry, 2nd edition, published by: Al-Mataba'at Company for Distribution and Publishing, (Beirut - 1998 AD).
Fifth: Letters and treatises:
* Shteiwi, Jacob Ahmed
- Andalusia in the era of governors 91 AH 138 AH / 711 AD - 756 AD, an unpublished master's thesis, An-Najah University, (Nablus-2004 AD)
* Visit, Nader Farag
- Luxury in the Andalusian Islamic Society (92 AH / 711 AD - 668 AH / 1269 AD), an unpublished master's thesis, the Islamic University (Gaza, 1431 AH / 2010 AD)
* Ashour, Mansourieh
- Religious tolerance under the Umayyad state in Andalusia 138-422 AH / 755-1031 AD, an unpublished master's thesis, Hajj Lakhdar University, the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, (Batna-1428 AH / 2007 AD)
* Currency, the life of Ahmed Mahmoud
- Competition between the groups of society over Andalusian rule "92-238 AH / 711-852 AD), unpublished master's thesis, University of Jordan, (Jordan-2001 AD)
Sixth: Journals, periodicals and research:
Makki, Mahmoud Ali.
- Shiism in Andalusia until the end of the kings of sects, newspaper of the Egyptian Institute for Islamic Studies in Madrid, Volume Two, No. 2, (D.D.-1373 AH / 1954 AD).
Ninth: Foreign Sources:
* dozy, R
- Histoire Dos Musulmans D, espangne (Leyde-1932)
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 ا.م.د. أحمد عبد الكاظم
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal applies the license of CC BY (a Creative Commons Attribution International license). This license allows authors to keep ownership of the copyright of their papers. But this license permits any user to download, print out, extract, reuse, archive, and distribute the article, so long as appropriate credit is given to the authors and the source of the work. The license ensures that the article will be available as widely as possible and that the article can be included in any scientific archive.
How to Cite
