The Harlem Renaissance and its role in resisting racial discrimination against African Americans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i40.378Keywords:
Harlem Renaissance, the New Negro, African Americans, Renaissance movementAbstract
During the early 1900s, Harlem experienced a cultural renaissance that changed the course of its history. This period started in the twenties and lasted until the mid-30s. During the period of time known as the New Negro, African American culture grew much more than just socially during the Harlem Renaissance. The movement sparked new literary and artistic works as well as trends in fashion and music. Some of these trends even changed the way people thought about their race; they became more prideful and intellectual. People living in Harlem came together to create a new sense of cultural pride and racial identity. African-Americans changed the public perception of them by breaking the traditional style. As a result, many people identify themselves as black generations after this event.
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References
- Greene Helen Taylor, Encyclopedia of Race and Crime , SAGE Publications Inc , 2009 .
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Second :1- Greene Helen Taylor, Encyclopedia of Race and Crime , SAGE Publications Inc , 2009 .
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Second: Books
- A.B. Christa Schwarz , Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance , Indiana University Press , USA ,2003.
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- Charles Molesworth ,The Works Of Alain Locke , Oxford University Press ,2012.
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- Katie Marsico , Zora Neale Hurston: Harlem Renaissance Writer, ABDO publishing company ,USA ,2008.
- Leslie V. Tischauser , Jim Crow Laws : Landmarks Of American Mosaic , Greenwood Publishing Group ,USA ,2012.
- Monica L. Miller , Slaves to Fashion: Black Dandyism and the Styling of Black Diasporic Identity , Duke University Press, Durham , London , 2009.
- Noelle Morrissette , James Weldon Johnson's Modern Soundscapes , University of Iowa Press ,2013.
- Paul V. Murphy , The New Era: American Thought and Culture in the 1920s , Rowman & Littlefield , USA , 2012.
- Richard Brent Turner , Soundtrack to a Movement: African American New Your University Press , 2021.
- Sabina G. Arora , The Great Migration and the Harlem Renaissance , The Rosen Publishing Group , 2015.
- Shane Vogel , The Scene Of Harlem Cabaret : Race Sexuality Performance , The University Of Chicago Press ,USA, 2009.
- Sharon F. Patton , African-American Art ,Oxford University Press ,New York , 1998 .
- Sherrita Camp , African American Topeka : Images Of America , Arcadia Publishing, USA , 2013 .
- Valerie Boyd , Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston, Simon & Schuster , USA , 2003.
- W.E.B. Dubois , The Souls of Black Folk ,Simon & Schuster Inc., USA , 2005.
Third : Journal and Newspaper
- Art Land Magazine ,May 2019 .
- Mental Floss Magazine , Jan 7, 2020 .
- The New Yorker , 16 February, 2015 .
- The New York Times,11 Sept. 2008.
- The New York Times Magazine ,24 March, 2016 .
- Time Magazine : USA edition, 11 OCT 2021 .
Fourth: letters and treatises
- Abramović Marija , Zora Neale Hurston And Harlem Renaissance , Master's thesis , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split , 2021 .
- Jordan A. Hill , The Harlem Renaissance , Honors Thesis , the School of History , Salem State University ,2018.
Fifth: Periodicals
- Laura Green , Stereotypes :Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans , Virginia Commonwealth University, Winter 1998-99 .
Sixth: Websites
- https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/17368696 .
- https://www.humanitiestexas.org .
- https://www.humanitiestexas.org/news/articles.
- https://wayback.archive-it.org .
- A.B. Christa Schwarz , Gay Voices of the Harlem Renaissance , Indiana University Press , USA ,2003.
- Angela J. Latham , Posing a Threat: Flappers, Chorus Girls, and Other Brazen Performers of the American 1920s ,Wesleyan University Press , 2000.
- Ann V. Collins , All Hell Broke Loose: American Race Riots from the Progressive Era through world war II , ABC-CLIO Co.2012.
- Aaron Douglas, Renée Ater , Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist , Yale University Press , 2007.
- Cary D. Wintz, Paul Finkelman , Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance: A-J , Tylor & Francis Group , New York ,2004 .
-
- Charles Molesworth ,The Works Of Alain Locke , Oxford University Press ,2012.
- Cheryl Buckley& Hazel Clark , Fashion and Everyday Life: London and New York ,Bloomsbury Publishing , 2017.
- Cheryl A. Wall , The Harlem Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction , Oxford University Press ,2016.
- Christopher Beach , The Cambridge Introduction to Twentieth-Century American Poetry , Cambridge University Press , 2003.
- C. James Trotman, Arnold Rampersad , Langston Hughes: The Man, His Art, and His Continuing Influence, Taylor & Francis Group ,1995.
- DeAnn Herringshaw ,The Harlem Renaissance , ABDO Publishing Co. ,USA , 2011.
- Gerald Horne , W.E.B. Du Bois: An Encyclopedia ,Green Wood Press , USA , 2001.
- George Hutchinson , The Harlem Renaissance in Black and White Harvard University Press, USA , 1995.
- Isabel Wilkerso , The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration , Random House LLC , New York , 2010.
- Jamie J. Wilson , 50 Events That Shaped African American History: An Encyclopedia of the American Mosaic, ABC-CLIO ,USA , 2019.
- James Lincoln Collier , Louis Armstrong: An American Genius , Oxford University Press ,1983.
- Jaye Swift , But You Can't Enslave My Thinking : A Novel of African American Intellect , Trafford Publishing , 2010.
- John Bush Jones , Our Musicals, Ourselves: A Social History of the American Musical Theatre ,Brandies University Press , USA ,2003.
- John Hope Franklin , Reconstruction after the Civil War , 3rd ed. ,The University Of Chicago Press ,Chicago & London , 2013.
- Katie Marsico , Zora Neale Hurston: Harlem Renaissance Writer, ABDO publishing company ,USA ,2008.
- Leslie V. Tischauser , Jim Crow Laws : Landmarks Of American Mosaic , Greenwood Publishing Group ,USA ,2012.
- Monica L. Miller , Slaves to Fashion: Black Dandyism and the Styling of Black Diasporic Identity , Duke University Press, Durham , London , 2009.
- Noelle Morrissette , James Weldon Johnson's Modern Soundscapes , University of Iowa Press ,2013.
- Paul V. Murphy , The New Era: American Thought and Culture in the 1920s , Rowman & Littlefield , USA , 2012.
- Richard Brent Turner , Soundtrack to a Movement: African American New Your University Press , 2021.
- Sabina G. Arora , The Great Migration and the Harlem Renaissance , The Rosen Publishing Group , 2015.
- Shane Vogel , The Scene Of Harlem Cabaret : Race Sexuality Performance , The University Of Chicago Press ,USA, 2009.
- Sharon F. Patton , African-American Art ,Oxford University Press ,New York , 1998 .
- Sherrita Camp , African American Topeka : Images Of America , Arcadia Publishing, USA , 2013 .
- Valerie Boyd , Wrapped in Rainbows: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston, Simon & Schuster , USA , 2003.
- W.E.B. Dubois , The Souls of Black Folk ,Simon & Schuster Inc., USA , 2005.
ثالثا : المجلات والصحف
- Art Land Magazine ,May 2019 .
- Mental Floss Magazine , Jan 7, 2020 .
- The New Yorker , 16 February, 2015 .
- The New York Times,11 Sept. 2008.
- The New York Times Magazine ,24 March, 2016 .
- Time Magazine : USA edition, 11 OCT 2021 .
رابعا : الرسائل والاطاريح
- Abramović Marija , Zora Neale Hurston And Harlem Renaissance , Master's thesis , Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split , 2021 .
- Jordan A. Hill , The Harlem Renaissance , Honors Thesis , the School of History , Salem State University ,2018.
Fifth: Periodicals
- Laura Green , Stereotypes :Negative Racial Stereotypes and Their Effect on Attitudes Toward African-Americans , Virginia Commonwealth University, Winter 1998-99 .
Sixth: Websites
- https://collections.library.yale.edu/catalog/17368696 .
- https://www.humanitiestexas.org .
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