نظرية الحكم عند قدامة بن جعفر ت337 هـ /948 م في كتابه الخراج وصناعة الكتابة

Ibn al-Jawzi, al-Muntazim, vol. 6, p. 280. Yaqut, Mu’jam al-Udaba’, vol. 17, p. 12: An unknown name, al-Safadi, al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat, vol. 7, p. 14.

Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, p. 188.

Ibn al-Jawzi, al-Muntazim, vol. 6, p. 28.

Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, p. 188. Tabana, Qudama ibn Ja’far, al-Naqd al-Adabi, p. 47.

al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Tarikh Baghdad, vol. 7, p. 205.

Tabana, Qudama ibn Ja’far and al-Naqd al-Adabi, p. 48.

Ibn al-Nadim/ al-Fihrist, p. 188.

Ibn Qutayba, he is Abu Muhammad Abdullah ibn Muslim ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari 213-276 AH / 828-889 AD, one of the literary, linguistic and historical scholars in the Abbasid era. He has many books, including Uyun al-Akhbar and Adab al-Katib. Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, p. 77.

al-Mubarrad, Abu al-Abbas Muhammad ibn Yazid, one of the great scholars in the sciences of language, rhetoric, grammar and criticism. He was born in 210 AH / 825 AD and died in 286 AH / 899 AD. Yaqut, Mu’jam al-Udaba’, vol. 7, p. 137. Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, p. 266.

Tha’lab, he is Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Yazid al-Nahwi, one of the prominent grammarians in Kufa. He was born in 200 AH / 816 AD and died in 291 AH / 904 AD. Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, p. 80.

al-Wazir ibn al-Furat, he is Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Musa ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Furat. He became the vizier in the days of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadir bi-Allah 320 AH / 932 AD. Ibn al-Furat died in . al-Safadi, al-Wafi bi al-Wafayat, vol. 22, p. 5.

Diwan al-Zimam, established by the Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi in 158 AH / 775 AD. Its task was to audit the accounts to control the financial aspects and ensure the interest of the state treasury.

Yaqut, Mu’jam al-Udaba’.

Ibn al-Nadim, al-Fihrist, p. 188. al-Zubaydi, Introduction to the Book of al-Kharaj and the Art of Writing, p. 8, p. 9.

Ibn Thaqri Bardhi, al-Nujum al-Zahira, vol. 3, p. 298.

Ibn al-Jawzi, al-Muntazim, vol. 6, p. 280. Ibn Kathir, al-Bidaya wa al-Nihaya, vol. 11, p. 220.

al-Mutrizi, al-Iydah, p. 33.

al-Zubaydi, Introduction to the Book of al-Kharaj, p. 10.

Yaqut, Mu’jam al-Udaba’, vol. 17, p. 13 and 14.

al-Zubaydi, Introduction to the Book of al-Kharaj, p. 11.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p.

al-Zubaydi, Introduction to al-Kharaj, p. 11.

al-Zubaydi, Introduction to the Book of al-Kharaj, p. 12.

al-Wazir Ali ibn Isa ibn Dawud ibn al-Jarrah Abu al-Hasan, the vizier of al-Muqtadir bi-Allah and al-Qahir bi-Allah. He loved the people of knowledge and frequented their sessions. He was born in 245 AH / 859 AD and died in 335 AH / 946 AD. al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Tarikh Baghdad, vol. 13, p. 459.

Abu Hayyan, al-Imta’ wa al-Mu’anasa, vol. 4, p. 145, p. 146.

The same source, p. 145, p. 146.

al-Zubaydi, Introduction to the Book of al-Rikaz, p. 19.

al-Zubaydi, Introduction to the Book of al-Kharaj, p. 130.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 201.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 425.

Surah al-Nisa, verse 58.

Surah Sad, verse 26.

Muslim, Sahih Muslim, hadith 1827. al-Nasa’i, Sahih al-Nasa’i, hadith 5379.

al-Bukhari, al-Sahih, hadith 1423. Muslim, al-Sahih, hadith 1031.

Nahj al-Balagha, vol. 1, p. 91.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 425.

Surah al-Qamar, verse 49.

Surah Ya Sin, verse 12.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 426.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 427, p. 428.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 430.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 432.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 432.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 434.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 434.

Ibn Khaldun, al-Muqaddima, p. 220.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 436.

Surah al-Baqara, verse 179.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 436.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 436, p. 437.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 436, p. 437.

Surah al-Anbiya, verse 22.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 437.

Some examples are: al-Imama wa al-Siyasa by Ibn Qutayba al-Dinawari, d. 276 AH, Nasiha al-Muluk by al-Mawardi, d. 450 AH, Adab al-Wazir by al-Mawardi, d. 450 AH, al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya wa al-Wilayat al-Diniyya by al-Mawardi, and al-Tibr al-Masbuk fi Nasiha al-Muluk by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, d. 505 AH, and Siraj al-Muluk by al-Tartushi, d. 520 AH, and al-Shifa fi Mawa’iz al-Muluk wa al-Khulafa by Ibn al-Jawzi, d. 597 AH, and al-Minhaj al-Masluk fi Siyasa al-Muluk by al-Shirazi, d. 774 AH, and Muqaddima Ibn Khaldun, d. 808 AH, and Bada’i al-Silk fi Daba’i al-Mulk by Ibn al-Azraq, d. 896 AH, and others.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 439.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 439.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 440.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 440.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 440.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 440.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 442.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 442.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 442.

Surah al-Nahl, verse 12.

Surah al-Ankabut, verse 43.

Ibn Majah, al-Sunan, hadith number 4208.

al-Amidi, Ghurar al-Hikam, p.2151

Ibn Shu’ba, Tuhaf al-Uqul, p.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 442.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 443.

Surah al-Nazi’at, verses 41, 40, 39, 38, 37.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal, al-Musnad.

Ahmad ibn Hanbal, al-Musnad.

al-Bukhari.

al-Amidi, Ghurar al-Hikam, 179.

al-Kulayni, al-Kafi, vol. p. 335.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 443.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 444.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 444.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 445.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 445.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 445, p. 446, p. 447.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 447.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 449 and beyond.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 465.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 466.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 466.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 466.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 466.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 467.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 472, p. 473.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 475.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 476.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 476.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 476.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 476.

Qudama, al-Kharaj, p. 478.