دور إدموند موسكي في السياسة الخارجية الامريكية تجاه أزمة الرهائن الامريكيين في إيران (8 ايار1980-20كانون الثاني 1981)

المؤلفون

  • م. د عدنان خيري مزيعل المديرية العامة لتربية ذي قار

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v1i40.365

الكلمات المفتاحية:

ازمة الرهائن ، الحياد، سايروس فانس ، ادموند موسكي

الملخص

تناول البحث دور إدموند موسكي في تحرير الرهائن الامريكيين المحتجزين في إيران , إذ تولى ادموند موسكي المنصب بعد استقالة سلفه سايروس فانس بسبب اعتراض الاخير على سياسة الرئيس جيمي كارتر وفشله في تحرير الرهائن , ولذلك كانت اولى مهام موسكي هي تحرير الرهائن الأمريكيين وقد اتبع في سبيل ذلك نهج دبلوماسي مكثف وكان عنصر مهم ومخطط فعال في سياسة بلاده تجاه تلك الازمة والتي كان محصلتها النجاح في الافراج عن الرهائن الامريكيين المحتجزين في إيران , الا أن مسألة الرهائن اثرت على سياسة الحياد التي اعلنتها واشنطن عندما اندلعت الحرب العراقية الإيرانية وقادت هذه الحرب موسكي الى اتباع  سياسة متناقضة تجاه العراق اشبه الى التقارب الشكلي ومن ثم الانحياز لجانب إيران في محاوله للتقرب منها في سبيل الافراج عن الرهائن الامريكيين المحتجزين لديها.

التنزيلات

تنزيل البيانات ليس متاحًا بعد.

المراجع

First: published documents

A - Documents of the foreign relations of the United States of America

Foreign Relations of the United States))

F.R.U.S., Memorandum, Stuart Eizenstat to Hamilton Jordan, "Actions Toward Iran," Vol. XI, Part 1, Iran: Hostage Crisis, November 1979-September 1980, November 9, 1979.

F.R.U.S., Analysis, State Department Bureau of Intelligence and Research, "Iran: Impact of the Tubas Raid," Vol. XI, Part1, Iran: Hostage Crisis, November 1979-September 1980, April 26, 1980.

F.R.U.L. S., 1977–1980, S.U, Memorandum of Conversation, No. 278, Vienna, May 16, 1980 Vol. VI.

F.R.U.S. , 1977–1980, S.U, Summary Memorandum of Conversation ,No. 303, Washington, October 5, 1980.

F.R.U.S., 1977–1980, S.U, Letter From Secretary of State Muskie to President Carter, 304, Washington, October 5, 1980, Vol VI.

B- US National Security Council documents

N.S.A., Document, No, IG00348, Report by Richard M. Peerce, Congressional Research Service, July 30, 1986, Subject: United State-Iraq Relations.

A: British documents (Foreign & Commonwealth Office)

F.C.O., British Embassy, Copies to Mr. Cooke, Iran/US: The Legal Tangle, 9 December 1980, File No., NBR 020/4,

F.C.O, Telegram: From Mr. Hannay To Mr. J. C. Moberly, Iran: Possible Chapter VII Action, No. 331, 13 December 1979.

F.O.C, Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Text of Iran's Response to the U.S., 21 December 1979.

Second: letters and dissertations

Ibrahim Shawish Ahmed Khoja, The Case of the American Detainees in Tehran and the Role of Algeria in Resolving It in the Light of Public International Law, Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Algiers, Institute of Law and Administrative Sciences, 1992.

Duraid Wahid Ali Sharif, Cyrus Vance and a course in the United States until 1980, master's thesis, College of Education for Human Sciences, University of Tikrit, 2020.

Zainab Sabri Mahdi, The Hostage Crisis in Iran 1979-1981, unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Education, Basra University, 2016.

Sharif Muhammad Hussein Al-Saleh, Algerian-Iranian Relations, an unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Arts, Universityof Thi-Qar, 2020.

Adel Muhammad Hussein Al-Olayan, Iraq in Contemporary American Politics 1980-2003, unpublished doctoral thesis, College of Education, University of Mosul, 2001.

Omar Inad Hammoud, The position of the United Nations on Iraq during the first and second Gulf wars 1980-1993, unpublished master’s thesis, College of Arts, Anbar University, 2016.

Wafaa Abdul-Mahdi Rashid Al-Shammari, Internal Political Developments in Iran 1964-1979, unpublished master's thesis, Al-Mustansiriya University - College of Education, 2006.

Third: Arabic and Arabized books

Edward Sablier, Iran, The Gunpowder Depot, "Secrets of the Islamic Revolution", Arabization: Ezzedine Mahmoud Al-Sarraj, Dar Al-Hurriyah for Printing, Baghdad, 1983

Gamal Zakaria Qassem, History of the Modern and Contemporary Arab Gulf, Volume 5, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi, Cairo, 1996.

Jimmy Carter, White House Memoirs, Arabization: Sana Shawky Harb, Publications Company for Distribution and Publishing, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 2013.

Hamed Al-Hamdani, Pages from the Modern History of Iraq, Part 2, Baghdad, 2007.

Hassan Latif Al-Zubaidi, Encyclopedia of Iraqi Politics, published and distributed by Al-Arif Business Company, 2nd Edition, Beirut, 2013.

Robert Fisk, Saddam Hussein from birth to martyrdom, translation: Dar Translation Center, Ibdaa for Publishing and Distribution, Baghdad, 2007.

Mr. Yassin and others, Arab Cooperation Council, Arab Strategic Report, Cairo, 1987.

Shakir Kasrai, Iran, Political Parties and Personalities 1980-2013, Beirut, 2014.

Shirin Ebadi, Iran Wakes Up - Reflections - Memoirs of Revolution and Hope, 2nd Edition, Arabization: Hossam Itani, Dar Al-Saqi, Beirut, 2011.

Abdul Rahman Sultan, The International Conflict in the Gulf, 1st Edition, Cairo, Dr. T.

Michael Palmer, Guardians of the Gulf, History of the Expansion of the American Role in the Gulf 1833-1992, Translated by: Nabil Zaki, Al-Ahram Center for Translation and Publishing, 1st Edition, Cairo, 1995

Cyrus Vance's Memoirs, Hard Choices, Arab Information Center, Beirut, 1984.

Memoirs of Kurt Waldheim, Forty Years in the Theater of International Politics, Arabization: Issa Bishara, Dar Al-Karmel for Publishing and Printing, Amman, 1996.

Nigel Hamilton, American Caesars - Biographies of the Presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush, 1st edition, Publications for Distribution and Publishing, Beirut, 2013.

Fourth: Magazines

Salam Khosrow Jawamir, Imam Khomeini, a view of his biography, Ikleel Journal for Human Studies, Iraqi Scientific Society for Manuscripts, No. 7, Volume Two, September 2021.

Fifth: Newspapers

A - Arab newspapers

Al Rai Newspaper (Jordan), year 1980, 1981.

Al-Rai Al-Aam Newspaper (Kuwait), Al-Sunnah, 1980,

Al-Qabas Newspaper (Kuwait), Sunna, 1980.

منشور

2022-12-27

إصدار

القسم

الدراسات التاريخية

كيفية الاقتباس

"دور إدموند موسكي في السياسة الخارجية الامريكية تجاه أزمة الرهائن الامريكيين في إيران (8 ايار1980-20كانون الثاني 1981)". 2022. مجلة اداب ذي قار 1 (40): 161-86. https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v1i40.365.