اللثغة وأثرها في دخول بعض الألفاظ إلى المعجم العربيّ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i40.369الكلمات المفتاحية:
اللثغة ، اللغة ، المعجم ، لحن ، أصوات اللثغةالملخص
الملخص
وردت في كثير من دواوين اللغة بعض الألفاظ التي أشير إلى أنها لحن أو خطأ أو لغة رديئة أو لغية ، وغير ذلك ، ومن بينها ما أشير إلى أنه لثغة ، ذكروا ذلك في غالب الأحيان شاكين فيه، غير متأكدين من أمره ، وقد حاولت في هذا البحث أن أجمع النصوص التي أشير فيها إلى اللثغة ، ومحاكمتها إلى نصوص اللغة ، بعد الرجوع إلى أشهر كتبها ، وأوسعها مادة ، وأكثرها إحاطة ، لبيان أثرها في دخول بعض الألفاظ إلى المعجم ، وما حقيقة ذلك ؟ وما هي المساحة التي احتلتها في المعجمات العربية ؟ بعد تبويب ما وصل إلينا منها في أربع مجموعات ، شملت لثغة الأطفال ، واللثغة الطبيعية ، التي تعتري لسان البشر في مرحلة شبابه ، وبعدها ، واللثغة الطارئة لمتقدمي العمر ، ومن شابههم ، ممن سقطت أسنانه ، أو بعضها ، ولثغة الأعاجم ممن لم يعرفوا أصوات العربية ، ولم تتعود ألسنتهم النطق بها ، بعد التأكيد على المشهور في لثغة كل منهم ، مما أشارت إليه كتب السابقين ، ليتسنى لنا التمييز بين لثغة وأخرى على أساس علمي ، ثم حاولنا قدر الإمكان بيان ما هو لثغة مما هو لغة ، فالبحث لم يقم على إثبات اللثغة بل لبيان أثرها في اللغة ، أكان واسعا ممدودا ، أم ضيقا محدودا ، يشمل ألفاظا محدودة ، لا تستغرق كل ما وصل إلينا عنها ؟ لذا درس البحث كل لفظة على حدة ، ومن ثم خلص إلى نتيجةِ أنها لغة أو لثغة ، وربما غير ذلك ، أو تحتمل الأمرين بناء على قوانين الإبدال الصوتي ، فكلاهما إبدال ، ولكن الإبدال الصوتي يجري وفق قوانين علم الأصوات بسبب اشتراك الصوتين في المخرج ، أو الصفة ، أو تقاربهما ، أما اللثغة ، فسببها إبدال طارئ ؛ وذلك لعجز اللسان أن يأتي بالصوت من مخرجه الصحيح لعلة في جهاز النطق ، فيتجافى إلى موضع قريب منه أو يشبهه
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