The Iraqi Deputies’ Stance on the Privilege of the Hejaz Railway in the Discussions of the Ottoman Council of Deputies 1908-1914 CE
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i44.494Keywords:
privilege, railway, deputy, Ottoman Council of Deputies, HejazAbstract
The Hejaz Railway, one of the most significant projects undertaken by the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, stands as a remarkable accomplishment. It was a collaborative effort involving Arabs and Muslims from various Ottoman provinces, including Iraq. Their contributions were vital due to the railway's religious, political, economic, and military significance. Consequently, the Hejaz Railway garnered attention during the discussions of the Ottoman Council of Deputies from 1908 to 1914, where Iraqi deputies actively participated with their proposals and opinions.
The research delves into the Hejaz Railway project, which received foreign privileges granted to its German ally by the Ottoman Empire. Despite differing perspectives among Arab and Turkish writers regarding the concept and motivations behind these privileges, the railway sparked numerous debates within the Ottoman Council of Deputies. These discussions highlighted the divergence of views between Arabs and Ottomans concerning the railway project.
As the Ottoman Empire shifted its policies toward European nations, it sought to strengthen relations through alliances and agreements known as "privileges." These privileges encompassed economic, military, political, and religious aspects, granting European powers freedom of movement and trade within the Ottoman territories. However, this approach had unintended consequences, as these privileges became tools for European intervention in the empire's internal affairs and control over its economy. Notably, the Hejaz Railway privilege was bestowed during Sultan Abdul Hamid II's rule.
The Hejaz region held immense importance within the Ottoman Empire due to its status as the starting point of the Islamic world. Geographically and religiously, the Hejaz was unique, maintaining a special position for the Ottomans. This situation persisted for centuries until the Hejaz separated from Ottoman rule after the Great Arab Revolt. Consequently, the Hejaz Railway project garnered widespread Islamic interest.
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References
First: The Holy Quran
Surah Yasin verse (59).
Surah Al-Anfal verse (37).
Second: Published documents: Minutes of the Ottoman Parliament
Council of Deputies (1324 AH-1908 AD), the first period, the first volume, the first parliamentary year, January 8, 1324 AH (January 21, 1909 AD).
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A- In Arabic
Suhaila Ahmed Sirir, Fatima Hajj Ibn Fatima, Foreign Privileges in the Ottoman State between Positive and Negative Effects (10-13 AH / 16-19 AD), Master’s Thesis (Unpublished), Dr. Yahya Fares University in Medea, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2014.
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Fifth: Foreign books
William Ochsenwald, The Hijaz Railroad, University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville 1980. Sixth: Turkish books
Ana Britannica, European concessions and their effects on the Ottoman Empire, Döler Neşriyat, Istanbul, March 1982.
Edward Mead Earle, Baghdad Railway War, Istanbul 1972.
Fahir Armaoğlu, 20th Century Political History, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Ankara 1992.
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Seventh: Scientific research and articles
Arabic
• Nizar Alwan Abdullah, The Hijaz Railway and the Supervision of Mecca (1900-1914) Journal of Adab Al-Mustansiriya, Volume 38, Issue (65), Baghdad, 2014.
Eighth: Newspapers
Echo of Babylon, Issue (19), Baghdad, December 18, 1909.
Echo of Babylon, Issue (239), May 17, 1914.
Echo of Babylon, Issue (243), June 10, 1914. Ninth: Magazines
Al-Hilal Magazine, Vol. 1, Year 17, Egypt, October 1, 1908 - July 1, 1909.
Al-Hilal Magazine, Vol. 3, Year 18, December 1, 1909 AD.
Language of the Arabs Magazine, Vol. 2, May 1, 1912.
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