Austria's Position on the Reunification of Germany 1989 – 1990

Authors

  • Dr.Nawfal Kazem Mahous University of Basra / College of Education for Human Sciences

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v1i46.601

Keywords:

Colonialism, political developments, the Horn of Africa, waterways, Saudi diplomacy

Abstract

 The research studies the Austrian positions and policies towards the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany, and the issue of German reunification after the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989. Although Austria sought to maintain its political and economic relations with the German Democratic Republic, the Soviet Union's approval in January 1990 of German reunification led Austria to focus on the impact of reunification on its aspirations to join the European Community. After the reunification of Germany in November 1990, Austria sought the support of unified Germany to join the European Union.

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References

1- http://www.documentarchiv.de/ddr/verfddr.html ( last accessed 18 August 2015 ) .

2- United States Department of State. Documents on Germany, 1944-1985, Publication 9446, Washington, D. C. : Government Printing office,

3- Woodrow Wilson International center for scholars ( Cold war International history project ) ,Austria and German Unification, cited in : https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org

ثانيا : الكتب الاجنبية

1- Bader, William B., Austria Between East and West (1945-1955), Stanford University Press, 1966 .

2- Charles River Editors, The European Union: The History of the Political and Economic Union of Europe’s Nations after World War II Paperback – Large Print, April 28, 2020 .

3- Debra J. Allen , The Oder-Neisse Line: The United States, Poland, and Germany in the Cold War , Praeger Publishers Inc (30 July 2003) .

4- Dieter Krüger and Volker Bausch , Fulda Gap: Battlefield of the Cold War Alliances Hardcover – Lexington Books , November 20, 2017.

5- From Eastleach Books, Newbury, BER, United Kingdom, Treaty Establishing The European Economic Community Rome, 25th March 1957, 1st edition, HMSO , 1962 .

6- Jeffrey A. Engel , The Fall of the Berlin Wall: The Revolutionary Legacy of 1989 , 1st Edition Oxford University Press , 1st edition (October 1, 2011) .

7- Laurien Crump , The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered , International relations in Eastern Europe, 1955–1969 , New York , 2015 .

8- Ruth, Dokrill Saki, the End of the Cold War. the Transformation of the Global Security Order, Oxford University in, 2005.

9- Sergey Radchenko , Timothy Andrews Sayle , Christian Ostermann , NATO in the Cold War and After Contested Histories and Future Directions , New York , 2022 .

ثالثا : المقالات

10- Michael Gehler & Maximilian Graf , Austria, German Unification, and European Integration: A Brief Historical Background, cited in : https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/austria-german-unification-and-european-integration-brief-historical-background

رابعا : الموسوعات

11- Britannica a on Line Encyclopedia, http://www.britannica.com

12- Wikipedia, the Free encyclopedia, Cited In: http://en.wikipedia.

org./wiki/

the theses and dissertations into English:

13. Tahseen Ali Hussein, The United States Policy towards the Austrian Issue 1945 – 1955, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Basra, College of Arts, 2017.

14. Haider Abdul Jalil Al-Harbia, The Potsdam Conference and the German Issue 1945 – 1956, Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Basra, College of Education, 2005.

15. Nawal Majid Abdul Hussein, Britain's Role in the Establishment of NATO 1947 – 1949, Unpublished Master's Thesis, University of Basra, College of Education for Human Sciences, 2022.

16. Noufal Kazem Mahous, The Berlin Crisis and Its Impact on US-Soviet Relations 1958 – 1961, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, University of Basra, College of Education for Human Sciences, 2012.

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Published

2024-09-30

Issue

Section

Historical Studies

Categories

How to Cite

“Austria’s Position on the Reunification of Germany 1989 – 1990”. 2024. Thi Qar Arts Journal 10 (47): 210. https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v1i46.601.

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