Media representation of Iraq in the American press during the nineteenth century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v7i46.606Keywords:
Media representation, Mesopotamia, Orientalist discourse, Iraq, American pressAbstract
The current research deals with the media representation of Iraq in the American press during the nineteenth century. An analytical sample consisting of 141 articles and news items for various newspapers was selected for a period of time extending from 1850 to 1900, representing the nineteenth century press in the United States of America. The research aims to reveal the characteristics of media representation. For Iraq during that period, the most prominent trends were the American press discourse in approaching Iraqi issues and its reflection on the mental image of the recipient. For this purpose, a mixed methodology of quantitative and qualitative analysis was used, represented by the method of content analysis and qualitative thematic analysis, for the purpose of revealing the most prominent characteristics of the media representation of Iraq during that period in which it was under Ottoman occupation, in addition to employing Orientalist discourse as a theoretical structure upon which the research was based in demonstrating and interpreting the dimensions of representation. Media figures for Iraq in the American press during the period studied. The most prominent findings of the research were that the historical dimension was prevalent in the process of media representation when dealing with Iraqi issues, and that the Orientalist discourse is present in the view of American writers towards Iraq and its cities and does not deviate from the duality of opposition that this discourse focuses on between the West and the East.
Downloads
References
English References
Alan Bryman, & Bell, E. (2019). Social Research Methods. In Oxford University Press is (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ben Hafsa, L. (2019). Overcoming the “Other’s” Stigma: Arab and Muslim Representations in US Media and Academia. International Journal of Social Science Studies, 7(5), 1. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i5.4446
Berman, J. R. (2012). American Arabesque Arabs, Islam, and the 19th-Century Imaginary. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS.
Bowen, K. (2015). Representing Persia : A Discourse Analysis of The American Print Media ’ s Coverage of Iran. MEDIA@LSE MSc Dissertation Series, 36.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.
Burton, H., & Jacob, M. (2021). Religion and Geography. Conversations About History, Volume 1, 40–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv22jnm53.10
Cherkaoui, T. (2010). Orientalism, Pan-Arabism, and Military-Media Warfare: a Comparison Between Cnn and Aljazeera Coverage of the Iraq War. https://openrepository.aut.ac.nz/handle/10292/1028
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Davies, M. (2008). Oppositions in News Discourse : the ideological construction of ‘ us ’ and ‘ them ’ in the British press.
EDWARD W. SAID. (2003). Orientalism. Penguin Books Ltd.London WC2R ORL, England.
Eltantawy, N. (2007). U.S. newspaper representation of Muslim and Arab women post 9-11 (Doctoral dissertation, Georgia State University ). https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/
Fürsich, E. (2002). How can global journalists represent the “other”? A critical assessment of the cultural studies concept for media practice. Journalism, 3(1), 57–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/146488490200300102
Gallagher, M. (2013). Media and the representation of gender. The Routledge Companion to Media & Gender, 23–31. https://shorturl.at/cgsP6
Hall, S. (1997a). Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Sage.
Hall, S. (1997b). Representation: Cultural Representations and signifying practices spectacle of the other. Sage Publication, 400.
Hamilton, M. (1991). the Image of Arabs in the Sources of American Culture. Choice, 28, 1271–1281. http://www.cro2.org/
Hassan, A. A. (2022). the Image of China in Sudan Through the Non-Official Media: Sudan Tribune Case Study. Indian Journal of Applied Research, December, 79–87. https://doi.org/10.36106/ijar/1719346
Helen Davis. (2004). understanding stuart hall. In SAGE Publications Ltd.
Ige, O. (2016). Dimensions of media representation: An update and analysis (Lagos Business School Working Paper Series, Issue September).
Javadi, S. (2013). Reviewing Theories of Orientalism In Search of the Orient Identity. JocO Quarterly, 1(1. Autumn), 3–10.
KRAMER, S. (2006). Transcultural Narrations of the Local: Taiwanese Cinema Between Utopia and Heterotopia. In NATASCHA GENTZ & S. KRAMER (Eds.), Cultural Identities and Media Representations (pp. 45–59). STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS.
Kennedy, V. (2017). Orientalism in the Victorian era. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Literature. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.226
Laura Ahva, & Steensen, S. (2020). Journalism History. In K. Wahl-jorgensen & T. Hanitzsch (Eds.), THE HANDBOOK OF JOURNALISM STUDIES (2nd ed., pp. 38–55). Routledge. https://lccn.loc.gov/2019008919
McGeown, H. (2021). Discuss the role of “the Orient” in European Imagination. https://www.academia.edu/11645417/Discuss_the_role_of_the_Orient_in_European_Imagination
Menéndez Alarcón, A. V. (2012). Newspapers Coverage of Spain and the United States: A Comparative Analysis. Sociology Mind, 02(01), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2012.21009
Nance, S. (2009). How the Arabian nights inspired the American dream, 1790–1935. The University of North Carolina Press.
NICK LACEY. (1998). IMAGE AND REPRESENTATION Key Concepts in Media Studies (p. 264). MACMILLAN PRESS LTD. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-26712-5
Nishio, T. (2006). The Arabian Nights and Orientalism from a Japanese Perspective. In Yuriko Yamanaka & T. Nishio (Eds.), The Arabian Nights and Orientalism: PERSPECTIVES FROM EAST & WEST (pp. 154–171). IB Tauris & Co Ltd.
ORGAD, S. (2012). Media Representation and the Global Imagination. Polity Press.
Poole, E. (2009). Media Representations of British Muslims: Reporting Islam. http://medcontent.metapress.com/index/A65RM03P4874243N.pdf
Robb, M. (2019). Images and representations. In Men, Masculinities and the Care of Children. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315306636-2
Sha’ban. (1994). Islam and Arabs in Early American Thought: The Roots of Orientalism in America. The American Historical Review, 99(4), 1421. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/2168970
Simandan, D. (2016). Proximity, subjectivity, and space: Rethinking distance in human geography. Geoforum, 75, 249–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.018
Seymour, M. (2004). Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003. Current Anthropology, 45(3), 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1086/383004
Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Opinions and ideologies in the press. Approaches to Media Discourse, 1995(June 1996), 21–63.
Winfield, B. H., & Hume, J. (2007). The continuous past: Historical referents in nineteenth-century american journalism. In Journalism and Communication Monographs (Vol. 9, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1177/152263790700900301
Zhang, C., & Meadows, C. W. (2012). International coverage, foreign policy, and national image: Exploring the complexities of media coverage, public opinion, and presidential agenda. International Journal of Communication, 6(1), 76–95.
Arabic References :
Alaa Haider: “The Image of Iraq in American Magazines: A Case Study of TIME Magazine” (Master’s thesis, University of Iraq - College of Media - Department of Journalism, 2019).
Saad Al-Mashhadani: “The Mental Image of Iraq in American Journalism” (Journal of Tikrit University for Humanities / College of Education, Vol. 15, Issue 6, 2008).
Saleh Abbas: “The October Revolution in The New York Times American Newspaper” (Journal of Ahl Al-Bayt University, Issue 14, 2021).
Downloads
Published
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Hussein Ismail Haddad
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The journal applies the license of CC BY (a Creative Commons Attribution International license). This license allows authors to keep ownership of the copyright of their papers. But this license permits any user to download, print out, extract, reuse, archive, and distribute the article, so long as appropriate credit is given to the authors and the source of the work. The license ensures that the article will be available as widely as possible and that the article can be included in any scientific archive.
How to Cite
