التيار القومي في بلاد الشام خلال القرن التاسع عشر ومطلع القرن العشرين

First: Theses and dissertations

Thaaban Hasballah Awwan al-Shammari, Ibrahim Pasha’s military activity and his political and administrative role, 1789-1848, unpublished master’s thesis, (Diyala University: College of Education, 2005).

Hanan Kamel Ward al-Fadhli, The Druze and their political role in Syria 1831-1918, unpublished master’s thesis, (Thi Qar University: College of Arts, 2021).

Shaker Zaidan Jaber al-Suwaidi: The American policy towards Lebanon 1946-1958, unpublished master’s thesis, (Baghdad University: College of Arts, 2004).

Majid Hamdan Bahir, Mutassarifiyya of Mount Lebanon 1861-1914, unpublished master’s thesis, (Baghdad University: College of Arts, 2006).

Muhammad Asfour Salman al-Umawi, The reform movement in the Ottoman state and its impact on the Arab Mashreq 1839-1908, unpublished doctoral dissertation (Baghdad University: College of Arts, 2005).

Muhammad Abdul Hussein al-Aqabi, The nationalist thought in Iraq 14 July 1958-17 July 1968, unpublished doctoral dissertation, (Al-Mustansiriya University: Higher Institute for Political and International Studies, 2005).

Muhammad Najm Abdullah al-Jubouri, Iraq’s cultural relations with the Levant 1831-1918, unpublished doctoral dissertation, (Al-Mustansiriya University: College of Education, 1999).

Muhammad Saleh Said Abdullah, The Ottoman policy towards the Mutassarifiyya of Mount Lebanon (1861-1918), unpublished master’s thesis, (Mosul University: College of Arts, 2003).

Walid Khalid Ahmad Hassan, The conflict of intellectual currents in the Arab world 1798-1999, unpublished master’s thesis, (Al-Mustansiriya University: Institute of the Founder Leader for Higher National and Socialist Studies, 2002).

Second: Sources and references

- Ibrahim Khalil Ahmed, The history of the modern and contemporary Arab world, Mosul, 1987.

- Anis al-Nasouli, The causes of the Arab renaissance in the nineteenth century, 1st ed., Beirut, 1985.

- Anwar al-Jundi, The history of invasion and westernization during the period between the two world wars 1920-1940, Dar al-I’tisam, Baghdad, 2003. 13- The history of the Arab peoples, translated by As’ad Saqr, 1st ed., Damascus, Dar Talas for Publishing, 1997. 1

- Albert Hourani, The Arab thought in the age of renaissance 1798-1939, translated by Karim Azqoul, Dar Nawfal, Beirut, 2001.

- Bouali Yassin and others, The Arab nationalist parties and movements, vol. 1, The Arab Center for Strategic Studies, n.d.

- Tawfiq Sultan al-Yuzbaki and others, Studies in the Arab world, the revolutionary and political movements, vol. 4, Mosul, 1975.

- Jurji Zaydan, The builders of the Arab renaissance, Cairo, Dar al-Hilal, 1957.

- Jalal Yahya, The modern and contemporary Arab world, vol. 1, Alexandria, 2001.

- George Antonius, The awakening of the Arabs - The history of the Arab nationalist movement, translated by Nasser al-Din al-Assad and Ihsan Abbas, 6th ed., Beirut, Dar al-Ilm for Millions, 1980.

- Suhaila al-Rimawi, The Young Arab Society, a documentary study 1909-1918, 1st ed., Dar Majdalawi for Publishing and Distribution, Amman, 1988. 21- Siyar Kokab Ali al-Jamil, The formation of the modern Arabs 1516-1916, 1st ed., Mosul, 1991.

- Saleh al-Ashqar, The impact of al-Kawakibi on the Arab renaissance, Cairo, The Supreme Council for the Care of Arts and Social Literature, 1960.

- Salah Ahmed Heridi, Studies in the modern and contemporary history of Egypt, vol. 2, Cairo, Ain for Human and Social Studies and Research, 2006.

- Abdul Aziz al-Douri, The historical formation of the Arab nation, a study in identity and awareness, 4th ed., Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut, 2003.

- Abdul Zahra Maktouf al-Jourani, The political thought in the Arab Mashreq, Baghdad, Dar al-Shu’un al-Thaqafiyya, 2001.

- Ali Sultan, The history of Syria - 1908-1918, vol. 2, Dar Talas for Studies, Translation and Publishing, Damascus, 1996.

- Lutsky, The modern history of the Arab countries, Moscow, 1971.

- Muhammad Badi’ Sharif and others, Historical studies in the modern Arab renaissance, revised by Muhammad Shafiq Gharbal, Cairo, n.d.

- Muhammad Rif’at, The political history of Egypt, vol. 3, Cairo, n.d., 1940. 30- Muhammad Abdullah Awdah and Yasin al-Khatib, The history of modern Arabic, Amman, Al-Ahliyya Printing and Publishing, 1989.

- Muhammad Azza Drouzeh, The emergence of the modern Arab movement, The Modern Library, Beirut, 1971.

- Muhammad Amara, Rifa’a al-Tahtawi, the pioneer of enlightenment in the modern era, Beirut, Dar al-Mustaqbal al-Arabi, 1984.

- A new look at the heritage, The Arab Foundation for Studies and Publishing, n.p., 1974.

- Mufid al-Zaidi, The Arab history between modernity and contemporaneity, Dar Osama for Publishing, Amman, 2010.

- Munir Mashabek Musa, The Arab thought in the modern era (Syria from the eighteenth century until the year 1918, Dar al-Haqiqa for Printing and Publishing, Beirut, 1973.

- Nour al-Din Hatoum, Lectures on the Arab Nationalist Movement, Cairo, Institute of Research and Studies, Al-Nahda Printing House, 1967.

- Al-Hadi al-Taymumi, On the Origins of the Arab Nationalist Movement (1839-1920) Towards Reinterpretation, 2nd ed., Dar Muhammad Ali for Publishing, Tunis, 2006.

Third: Published research

- Issa Fattouh, The Dawn of the Arab Awakening in the Levant and Iraq, Journal of Literature, 57, 2001.

Fourth: International Internet Network Site

- International Internet Network SiteArabNationalism:httpsar.wikipedia.org/wiki

- Internet Site: http://www.alkhaleej.ae/portal

- Internet Site: https://ar.m.wikipedia.org

- Internet Site: https://salvatorianSeminary.weebly

- Internet Site: https://www.melkitecouncil.com