التطورات السياسية في فرنسا 1934-1940

المؤلفون

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i41.404

الكلمات المفتاحية:

حكومة ليون بلوم ادوارد دلادييه احزاب اليمين التعويضات الالمانية خط ماجينو حكومة بول رينو

الملخص

       شهدت فرنسا في مرحلة ما بين الحربين حدوث اضطرابات سياسية كثيرة، لاسيما داخل الحكومة نتيجة تغير رؤساء الحكومات المتعاقبة فيها، كما وبسبب حدوث منازعات برلمانية والفضائح السياسية، ذلك لان النسيج السياسي داخل فرنسا كان قائم على تعدد الاحزاب ولم يكن بينهم تفاهم بسبب انتماءاتهم الايديولوجية المختلفة، فأنعكس هذ الامر على ضعف هذه الحكومات في اتخاذ القرارات التي تخص السياسة الخارجية والداخلية. 

انعكست الخلافات السياسية في داخل فرنسا على نظامها الاقتصادي والمالي الذي تأثر بشكل كبير بفعل هذه الاضطرابات، مما ادى الى حدوث ازمات مالية كبيرة نتيجة الفساد السياسي، ولم يقتصر الامر على ذلك بل ان بروز الايدولوجيات ذات الافكار المتطرفة في اوربا لاسيما في المانيا وايطاليا، قد القى بضلاله على الاوضاع الداخلية في فرنسا بسبب تأثر صناع القرار السياسي والاقتصادي بهذه الافكار مما زاد من تعقيد الامور في الشأن الفرنسي.

التنزيلات

تنزيل البيانات ليس متاحًا بعد.

المراجع

Arabic References

First: Diaries

- Rommel, Rommel's Memoirs, Memoirs of World War II Leaders, presented and analyzed by Ayman Adel, Dar Taibah, Giza, 2007.

- Sheikh al-Din Othman al-Bashir al-Junaidi, Memoirs of al-Junaidi: Sudan’s Defense of North Africa, Sudanese Character, Khartoum, 1974.

- Winston Churchill, Memoirs of Winston Churchill, translated by Khairy Hammad, Al-Mutanabbi Library, Baghdad, 1961.

Second: letters and treatises

- Khamael Hassan Muhammad Al-Zawar, Erwin Rommel and his military and leadership role in the German army 1891-1944, master’s thesis, College of Education for Girls, University of Basra, 2019.

- Muhammad Yusuf Ibrahim al-Quraishi, Winston Churchill and his role in British politics until 1945, PhD thesis, College of Arts, University of Baghdad, 2005.

- Yousra Yasser Hamed Ghaib, French policy toward Algeria during World War II 1939-1945, master's thesis, College of Education, University of Mosul, 2011.

Third: Arabic and Arabized books

- Any. G. with me . Teller, World War II, an illustrated history, translated by Samir Abdel Rahim Chalabi, House of Cultural Affairs, Baghdad, 1987.

- c. l. Liddell Hart, Strategy and its History in the World, translated by: Al-Haytham Al-Ayoubi, Dar Talia, Beirut, 4th edition, 2000.

- Haqqi Abd al-Karim, History of the Second World War 1939-1945, Part 2, Al-Maarif Press, Baghdad 1957.

- Haider Sabri Shaker Al-Khiqani, History of Europe from the beginning of the First World War until the end of the Second World War 1914_1945, Al-Mizan Press, Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf, 2014.

- Khalil Ali Murad and others, Studies in Modern and Contemporary European History, University of Mosul, Mosul, 1988.

- Rabih Haider Taher, The Political History of the Major European Countries between the Two Wars, State Press, Najaf Al-Ashraf, 2008.

- Riyad Al-Samad, International Relations in the Twentieth Century: The Development of Events between the Two Wars 1914-1945, Part 1, Edition 2, University Foundation for Studies, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut, 1986.

- Abdul Hamid Al-Batriq, Contemporary Political Currents 1851-1970, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Beirut, 1974.

- Abd al-Muttalib al-Sayyid Muhammad Amin and Muhammad Mahdi, The Battle of France, Al-Naqida Al-Ahlia Press, Baghdad, 1941.

- Omar Abu Al-Nasr, the most famous decisive battles in the history of World War II, Omar Abu Al-Nasr Library, Beirut 1969.

- Omar Abdul Aziz Omar and Muhammad Ali Al-Qawzi, Studies in the Modern and Contemporary History of Europe 1815-1950, Arab Renaissance House, Beirut, 1999.

- G. Deborin et al., World War II, the Soviet point of view, translated by: Khairy Hammad, Dar Al-Kateb Al-Arabi, Cairo, 1967.

- G. Deborin, The Second World War, Part 1, Al-Nouri Foundation, Damascus, Dr. T.

- Farouk al-Hariri, Campaigns of the Second World War with Lessons Drawn from Each Campaign: Germany's Victories 1939-1941, Part 1, Directorate of Military Printing Presses, Baghdad, 1983.

- Kamal Mazhar Ahmed, Lectures on the History of the Great Powers between the Two Wars, Dar Al-Hadatha, Baghdad, 2020.

- Louis Schneider, The World in the Twentieth Century, translated by: Saeed Abboud Al-Samarrai, Dar Al-Hayat Publications, Beirut, Dr. T.

- Liddell Hart, German Leaders Speak, Arabization of Akram Al-Dairi and Haitham Al-Ayoubi, Al-Nahda Bookshop, Baghdad, 1983.

- Lillian. c. Bragdon, France, its people and its land, translated by: Ahmed Abd al-Majid, reviewed by Izz al-Din Farid, Arab Renaissance Library, Cairo, 1966.

- Herbert Fisher, History of Europe in the Modern Era 1789-1950, Arabization of Ahmed Naguib and Wadih Al-Dabaa, 1st Edition, Dar Al-Maarif, Cairo, 1993.

- William Shearer, A History of Hitler’s Germany: The Rise and Fall of the Reich, Part 3, Translated by: Khairy Hammad, Dar Al-Kitab Al-Arabi, Beirut, 2nd edition, 1966.

Fourth: Encyclopedias

- David Boley, Encyclopedia of World War II, History of the Photographer, translated by: Nassim and Wakim Yaziji, Dar Raslan, Damascus, 2016.

- François Georges Dreyfus and others, Encyclopedia of the History of Europe for the year from 1789 to our days, Part 3, translated by Hussein Haidar, reviewed by Antoine Al-Hashem, Oweidat Publications, Beirut, 1995.

- Encyclopedia of World War II, prepared by the Department of Historical Research and Studies, Dar Al-Afaq Al-Jadida, Part 1, Dar Al-Afak publications, Beirut, 1980.

- William Langer, Encyclopedia of World History, Part 7, translated by: Muhammad Mustafa Ziyadah, Arab Renaissance Library, Cairo, 1969.

Foreign References

First: Foreign Books

- Breaching the Siegfried Line, XIX Corps, Untied States Army, 1944.

- Carlton J.H. Hayes, Contemporary Europe Since 1870, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1959.

- Colonel Grossard, Chemins Secrets, Bader-Dufour, Paris, 1948.

- David Drake, Paris at War 1939-1945, Harvard University Press, London, 2015.

- David Thomson, Democracy in France: The Third and Fourth Republics, Oxford University Press, London, 1952.

- David Thomson, England in the Twentieth Century 1914-1963, Penguin Books, London, 1970.

- Edward Spears, Assignment to Catastrophe: The Fall of France June 1940, Vol.2, William Heinemann, London, 1954.

- F. Lee Benns, Europe Since 1914 in its World Setting, F.S. Crofts & Co, New York, 1945.

- Georges Lefranc, Le Front Populare 1934-1938, Presses Universities de France, 1965.

- Heinz Guderian, Erinnerungen Eines Soldaten, Bei Kurt Vowinckel, Heidelberg, 1951.

- Jacques Beoniest-Mechin, Sixty Days That Shook The West: The Fall of France 1940, Edited by Cyril Falls, Tran by Peter Wiles, C.P. Putnam's Sons, New York, 1963.

- James F. McMillan, Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society 1898-1991, Edward Arnold, London, 1985.

- Jeremy D. Popkin, A History of Modern France, Ed.2, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1994.

- Joseph David Connors, Paul Reynaud and French National Defense 1933-1939, Thesis of Doctor, Loyola University, Chicago, 1977.

- Louis L. Snyder, The War A Concise History 1939-1945, Julian Messner, New York, 1960.

- Nicholas Atkin, The French at War 1939-1944, Rutledge, New York, 2001.

- Philip Nord, France 1940: Defending the Republic, Yale University Press, London, 2015.

- T.N.A.C. Conclusions of Meetings of the Cabinet: War Cabinet Minutes, 1 March-30 April, 1940, Nos.56(40)-108(40).

- Thomas J. Laub, After the Fall: German Policy in Occupied France 1940-1944, Oxford University Press, New York, 2010.

- Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal. International Military Tribunal Nuremberg, 14 November 1945- 1 October 1946, Vol.10, Nuremberg, Germany, 1947.

- V. Trukhanovsky, British Foreign Policy During World War II 1939-1945, Designed by Yeremin, Moscow, 1970.

- Wilhelm Deist, Germany and the Second World war, Translated P.S. Falla Dean s. McCurry Ewald Osers, Clarendon press, Oxford, 1990.

- William Fortescue, The Third Republic in France 1870-1940: Conflicts and Continuities, Rutledge, London, 2000.

- William L. Shirer, The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France, June 1940, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1969.

- Winston Churchill, The Second World War: Their Finest Hour, Vol.2, Cassell & Co, London, 1949.

Second: Encyclopedias

- John Keegan, Who's Who in World War II, Ed.2, Rutledge Press, London, 2002.

- Louis L. Snyder, Encyclopedia of the Third Reich, Marlowe & Company, New York, 1976.

- The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.3, London, 2003.

منشور

2023-03-26

إصدار

القسم

الدراسات التاريخية

كيفية الاقتباس

"التطورات السياسية في فرنسا 1934-1940". 2023. مجلة اداب ذي قار 2 (41): 184-218. https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i41.404.

المؤلفات المشابهة

21-30 من 33

يمكنك أيضاً إبدأ بحثاً متقدماً عن المشابهات لهذا المؤلَّف.