The Italian occupation of Albania 1939 and the international reactions to it Dr. Youssef Taha Hussein

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i44.488

Keywords:

Albania, Illyrian tribes, Slavic migrations, division of Albania, peace conference

Abstract

       This study aims to give a picture of the nature of the policy pursued by Italy towards Albania since the end of the First World War until its occupation of Albania on April 7, 1939 and the international reactions that resulted from this occupation, at the forefront of which is the position of the United States of America and Britain, relying on a number of sources, foremost of which are the documents of the US Department of State that shed light on the important facts necessary that accompanied those positions under study. Published under the title: Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1939, General, The British Commonwealth and Europe, Absorption of Albania by Italy ,Volume II, Washington,1956. Referred to in short (F.R.U.S). Albania is one of the Balkan countries located in southeastern Europe, bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south and southeast, and Albania overlooks the Adriatic Sea to the west, while it overlooks the Ionian Sea to the southwest, and its total area is about 28,748 km2, while the population reaches 3,020,209 people, according to the latest available statistic for the year 2014 .

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Theses and dissertations in Arabic:

Ashraf Nabih Abdeljalil, Albania from Independence from the Ottoman Empire to the End of World War II 1912-1945, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University, 2005.

Anmar Hamid Awwad Hamad Alhalboosi, Count Galeazzo Schiano and his role in political life in Italy 1903-1944, Unpublished Master's thesis, Faculty of Arts, Iraqi University, 218.

Arabic and Arabized books:

Charles Jelavic and Barbara Jelavic, The Deconstruction of Ottoman Europe (The Creation of the Balkan Nation-States 1804-1920), translated by Assem El-Desouky, Cairo.

Hassan Nafieh, The United Nations in Half a Century, A Study in the Evolution of International Organization since 1945, World of Knowledge Series, Kuwait, 1995.

Vladimir Tesmaniano, The History of Eastern Europe, translated by Amal Rawash, Egyptian Book Authority, Alexandria, 1996.

Mahmoud Ali al-Taib, Albania through the Twentieth Century, Benghazi, 1991.

Arabic encyclopedias:

Ahmed Atiyatallah, The Political Dictionary, Cairo, 1980.

Alan Palmer, Encyclopedia of Modern History 1789-1945, translated by Sawsan Faisal Al-Samer and Yusuf Mohammed Amin, S1, vol. 1, Dar Al-Mamoon for Translation and Publishing, Baghdad, 1992.

Alan Palmer, Encyclopedia of Modern History, 1789-1945, translated by Sawsan Faisal al-Samer and Yusuf Mohammed Amin, C2, 1st edition, Dar al-Mamoon for Translation and Publishing, Baghdad, 1992.

Roger Parkinson, Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare, translated by Samir Abdul Rahim Chalabi, 2, Baghdad, 1990.

Abdelwahab Kayyali and others, Encyclopedia of Politics, Arab Organization for Studies and Publishing, C1, 1st edition, Beirut, 1979.

Abdelwahab Kayyali and others, Encyclopedia of Politics, Arab Organization for Studies and Publishing, C4, 2nd edition, Beirut, 1990.

Abdelwahab Kayyali and others, Encyclopedia of Politics, Arab Organization for Studies and Publishing, C1, T5, Beirut, 2009.

Abdelwahab Kayyali and others, Encyclopedia of Politics, Arab Organization for Studies and Publishing, C7, T5, Beirut, 2009.

. Masoud Al-Khond, The Historical Geographical Encyclopedia, C2, Dar Ruwad Al-Nahda, Beirut, 1994.

American documents:

F.R.U.S

United States Department of State Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919, Vol. V, Washington, 1919.

Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1939, General, The British Commonwealth and Europe, Volume II, Washington 1956.

Books printed in English

Alessandro Roselli, Italy and Albania: Financial Relations in the Fascist Period, I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, London, 2006.

Antonina Zhelyazkova, Albanian Identities, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (IMIR),Sofia,2000, p.27.

Antonina Zhelyazkova, Albanian Identities, International Centre for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (IMIR),Sofia,2000.

Bernd J. Fisher, Albania at war 1939-1945, Purdue University Press, 1999.

Bernd J. Fisher, Albania At War, 1939-1945, Central European Studies, Purdue University Press, Indiana, United States of America 1999.

Enriketa Papa-Pandelejmoni, Doing politics in Albania during the Second World War(The case of Mustafa Merlika Kruja’s fascist collaboration),University of Tirana, 2011.

Enver Hoxha, The Anglo - American Threat to Albania, Memoirs of the National Liberation War, Tirana, 1982.

Frances W. Kunstling & Barbara J. Young, Hull, Cordell(1871-1955), Department of State Tennessee State Library and Archives, 1968.

Frederick Pollock, The League of Nations, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., Clark, New Jersey, 2003.

Kristo Frasheri, The History of Albania, Tirana, 1964.

Lars Ulwencreutz, Ulwencreutz's The Royal Families in Europe V, (Lulu. com,, U.S.A.), 2013.

Miranda Vickers, the Albanians: A modern History, LB. Tauris & Co Ltd , London,2001.

Ramadan Marmullaku, Albania and the Albanians, Christopher Hurst,1975.

Raymond Zickel & Walter R. Iwaskiw, Albania a country study, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Second Edition, Washington, D.C.,1994.

Raymond Zickel & Walter R. Iwaskiw, Albania a country study, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Second Edition, Washington, D.C.,1994.

Raymond Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw, Albania: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1994.

Robert C. Self, Neville Chamberlain: A Biography, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., London, 2006.

Vladimir Cicani, Albanian-American relations: The past and the future, University of Nevada, Las Vegas,2001.

University theses and dissertations in English:

Dawn Marie Miller, Italy Through the Looking Glass: Aspects of British Policy and Intelligence Concerning , Italy 1939-1 941, A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of History, University of Toronto, 1997.

Robert Clegg Austin, From Crisis to Crisis: The Rise and Fall of Fan Noli's Vision for Albania. 1920-1 924,A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of History, University of Toronto, Canada,1998.

Articles, research and reports printed in English:

Ada Ramaj, Steps towards Recognizing the New Albanian State by the United States of America (1921-1922),Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol.3, No.3, Rome-Italy, June 2014.

Armend Mehmeti, British and Yugoslav Response to Italian Invasion of Albania,Volume.6, Issue. 8, Center for Albanological Studies, Tirana, August. 2017.

Bernd J. Fischer, Albania and the United States during the Interwar Period: An Overview, July. 14, 2021,P.7,Cited in: https://tiranaobservatory.com/2021/07/14/albania-and-the-united-states-during-the-interwar-period-an-overview/

Besnik Pula, Becoming Citizens of Empire: Albanian Nationalism and Fascist Empire, 1939-1943, Theory and Society, Vol. 37, No. 6 (Dec. 2008).

Blerina Xhelaj, Albanian Relations with Italy and Yugoslavia during (1925 – 1926),Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, Rome, Italy, Vol. 2, No. 9,October. 2013.

Dawn M. Miller, Dark Waters: Britain and Italy's Invasion of Albania, 7 April 1939, International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Volume.16, Number .2, 2003.

Edward J. Sheehy,Albanian-American Relations in the Fall of 1946: A Stormy End, APRIL 9, 2019, Cited in: http://tiranaobservatory.com/2019/04/09/albanian-american-relations-in-the-fall-of-1946-a-stormy-end/

Esilda Luku, A Viewpoint on the Italian Diplomacy Towards the Albanian Monarchy (1928-1939), Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,Vol. 4 No .11 , Rome-Italy, October .2013.

Gurkan Akyol, Balkan Politikasında, Balkan Politikasında Arnavutluk (1912 sonrası), Yuksek Lisans Tezi, Yuksek Lisans Tezi, Suleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Uluslaraasi İliskiler and Bilim Dali, Isparta, 2007.

Luca Micheletta, Italy, greater albania, and kosovo 1939-1943, Article in Nuova Rivista Storica,Sapienza University of Rome, May. 2013.

Michael B. Bishku, Albania and the Middle East, Article in Mediterranean Quarterly, May 2013, cited in: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265796329

Nadine Akhund, The Two Carnegie Reports: From the Balkan Expedition of 1913 to the Albanian Trip of 1921 A Comparative Approach, Vol. XIV, 2012,P.6. Cited in: http://journals.openedition.org/balkanologie/2365

Në Kryesore, Kultura, Si reagoi SHBA në 1939 ndaj pushtimit të Shqipërisë nga Italia,7. Prill, 2022, Cited in: https://usalvision.com/si-reagoi-shba-ne-1939-ndaj-pushtimit-te-shqiperise-nga-italia/

Peter Tase, Italy and Albania: The political and economic alliance and the Italian invasion of 1939, Academicus International Scientific Journal, Washington, D.C., USA, June. 2012.

Raymond Zickel & Walter R. Iwaskiw, Op. Cit, P.25.; Arber Hadri, The Emerging US-Albanian Relations and Kosovo Issue, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 8, No. 7, July 2018.

Silvia Trani, L’Unione fra l’Albania e l’Italia Censimento delle fonti (1939-1945) conservate negli archivi pubblici e privati di Roma a cura di, Pubblicazioni Degli Archivi Di Stato Strumenti CLXXIII, 2007 Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali Dipartimento per i beni archivistici e librari, Roma, 2007.

Encyclopedias printed in English:

The New Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol. 12, Pp. 749–752.

Websites on the Internet:

https://www.infoplease.com/world/countries/albania

https://studies.aljazeera.net/ar/issues/2015/01/201511975152326803.html

https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/europerussiacentral-asia-region/albania-1913-present/

http://countrystudies.us/albania/28.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Albania

https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/grant-hugh-gladney

-https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/perth-james-eric-drummond-16th-earl

Downloads

Published

2023-12-31

How to Cite

“The Italian Occupation of Albania 1939 and the International Reactions to It Dr. Youssef Taha Hussein”. 2023. Thi Qar Arts Journal 2 (44): 1-43. https://doi.org/10.32792/tqartj.v2i44.488.

Similar Articles

31-40 of 44

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.